The Odyssey
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THE GODS IN COUNCIL—MIVERVA’S VISIT TO ITHACA—THE CHALLENGE FROM TELEMACHUS TO THE SUITORS.
The Muse is asked to tell of the much-travelled hero whose men perished through their own folly, while Ulysses remains detained by Calypso and opposed by Neptune. In Neptune’s absence, the gods discuss mortal responsibility and Ulysses’ return; Minerva proposes that Mercury go to Calypso while she encourages Telemachus. Disguised as Mentes, Minerva visits Ulysses’ house, where the suitors consume the estate, and advises Telemachus to summon an assembly, order them away, seek news of his father at Pylos and Sparta, and act according to what he learns. Telemachus recognizes that his visitor was divine, asserts authority over Penelope and the household, challenges the suitors to leave, answers their taunts, and spends the night contemplating the proposed voyage.
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49 observations · 19 observed placesASSEMBLY OF THE PEOPLE OF ITHACA—SPEECHES OF TELEMACHUS AND OF THE SUITORS—TELEMACHUS MAKES HIS PREPARATIONS AND STARTS FOR PYLOS WITH MINERVA DISGUISED AS MENTOR.
Telemachus convenes an assembly that Aegyptius says is Ithaca’s first since Ulysses departed, denounces the suitors for consuming his estate while pressing his unwilling mother to marry, and asks for a ship to seek news of his missing father. Antinous blames Penelope’s delaying stratagem; Eurymachus dismisses Halitherses’ reading of the eagle omen and prophecy of Ulysses’ return, and the assembly ends without restraining the suitors. After Telemachus prays for help, Minerva encourages him in Mentor’s form, then assumes Telemachus’s shape to recruit a crew and obtain a ship; Telemachus secretly gathers provisions, and they sail through the night toward Pylos.
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49 observations · 12 observed placesTELEMACHUS VISITS NESTOR AT PYLOS.
Telemachus and Minerva arrive at Pylos during a sacrifice to Neptune, receive Nestor's hospitality, and seek news of Ulysses. Nestor says he returned without learning Ulysses' fate, recalls the Achaeans' sufferings and divided homeward voyages, reports Agamemnon's murder and Orestes' vengeance, and advises Telemachus to consult the recently returned Menelaus. After Minerva flies away in eagle form and Nestor identifies her as a goddess, Nestor sacrifices to her and sends Telemachus with Pisistratus by chariot; they travel through Pherae and onward.
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92 observations · 22 observed placesTHE VISIT TO KING MENELAUS, WHO TELLS HIS STORY—MEANWHILE THE SUITORS IN ITHACA PLOT AGAINST TELEMACHUS.
Telemachus and Pisistratus reach Menelaus's splendid household during wedding celebrations and are hospitably received. Helen and Menelaus recognize Telemachus, mourn Ulysses and other losses from Troy, and recount Ulysses's exploits in disguise and inside the wooden horse. Asked for news, Menelaus reports how Idothea helped him seize the shape-changing Proteus, who told him of Ajax's drowning, Agamemnon's murder, Ulysses's captivity alive with Calypso, and Menelaus's destined life in Elysium; Menelaus also describes obeying the gods, returning home, and offers Telemachus gifts. In Ithaca, the suitors learn of Telemachus's voyage and prepare an ambush to kill him. Penelope learns of the plot, grieves and prays, then is comforted in sleep by a vision made by Minerva in Iphthime's likeness, while the suitors take up their ambush at Asteris.
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107 observations · 39 observed placesCALYPSO—ULYSSES REACHES SCHERIA ON A RAFT.
At the gods’ council, Minerva describes Ulysses’ suffering and danger to Telemachus, and Jove sends Mercury to order Calypso to release Ulysses, predicting that he will reach Scheria by raft and eventually return home. Calypso protests but obeys, helping Ulysses build and provision a raft after swearing she means no harm; Ulysses, who has been compelled to sleep with her, chooses home over her offer of immortality. After eighteen days at sea, Neptune sees him, foretells further hardship, and wrecks the raft in a storm. Ino gives Ulysses an enchanted veil and instructions for reaching shore, while Minerva restrains the winds. After further danger among the rocks, Ulysses prays to an unidentified river god, who stills his stream and the waves and brings him into the river mouth; exhausted, Ulysses returns Ino’s veil, shelters beneath intertwined olives, and sleeps under Minerva’s influence.
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74 observations · 23 observed placesTHE MEETING BETWEEN NAUSICAA AND ULYSSES.
While Ulysses sleeps after his ordeal, Minerva advances his return by visiting the Phaeacians and, disguised as Nausicaa's friend, prompting the princess in a dream to wash clothes. Nausicaa obtains a waggon, goes with her maids to the river, washes the linen, and plays until Minerva arranges for their shouts to wake Ulysses. Naked and distressed, he approaches from a distance and asks Nausicaa for clothing and directions; she assures him of aid and recalls her maids; they bring clothes and oil, he washes himself apart from them, they feed him, and she later gives directions. Minerva enhances his appearance, and Nausicaa admiringly tells her maids she would like such a husband if he stayed. To avoid scandal, she directs him to follow the party only as far as Minerva's grove, then enter the city separately and supplicate her mother in hopes of securing an escort home. Ulysses follows the plan to the grove and prays for a friendly reception; Minerva hears him but, fearing the still-hostile Neptune, does not appear openly.
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101 observations · 27 observed placesRECEPTION OF ULYSSES AT THE PALACE OF KING ALCINOUS.
After Nausicaa returns home, Minerva conceals Ulysses in mist, guides him in a girl's likeness through the Phaeacian city, and advises him to seek Queen Arete's favour. Ulysses marvels at Alcinous's divinely endowed palace and garden, enters unseen, becomes visible while supplicating Arete, and is received with food, drink offerings, and agreement to provide an escort home. After rejecting Alcinous's thought that he might be immortal, Ulysses recounts his shipwreck, years with Calypso, departure, renewed wreck, landing, and aid from Nausicaa; he defends her conduct when Alcinous faults her. Alcinous offers him marriage, a house, and an estate if he stays, while promising not to detain him and proposing a voyage wherever he wishes; Ulysses prays that this promise be fulfilled, then sleeps in the gatehouse.
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70 observations · 20 observed placesBANQUET IN THE HOUSE OF ALCINOUS—THE GAMES.
Minerva, disguised as a servant, summons the Phaeacians and enhances Ulysses's appearance, after which Alcinous orders an escort for him and hosts a banquet where Demodocus's song of Ulysses and Achilles makes the guest weep. At the games Ulysses, provoked by Euryalus, demonstrates a surpassing discus throw and declares his other athletic abilities; Alcinous then displays Phaeacian dancing while Demodocus sings of Mars and Venus. The Phaeacians give Ulysses gifts, Euryalus apologizes with a sword, and Ulysses is bathed and honored before supper. At Ulysses's request, Demodocus sings of the wooden horse and Troy's fall, again moving him to tears; Alcinous stops the song and asks the still-concealed guest for his name, homeland, wanderings, and reason for grieving over Troy's story.
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103 observations · 25 observed placesULYSSES DECLARES HIMSELF AND BEGINS HIS STORY—-THE CICONS, LOTOPHAGI, AND CYCLOPES.
At Alcinous's request, Ulysses identifies himself and begins recounting the divinely burdened return from Troy: after his men ignore his advice at Ismarus and suffer losses to the Cicons, storms drive the survivors to the Lotus-eaters and then to the Cyclopes' country. After exploring a Cyclops's cave, Ulysses rejects his men's wiser proposal to take cheese and livestock and leave, instead waiting for its owner; the Cyclops Polyphemus traps the party and devours six men. Ulysses intoxicates him, calls himself Noman, and blinds him with a heated olive stake, enabling the survivors to escape beneath sheep. After revealing his real name while sailing away, Ulysses hears Polyphemus invoke an old prophecy and pray to Neptune that he never return home, or return late, bereft of his men, in another man's ship, and find trouble at home; Neptune hears the prayer. The survivors rejoin their comrades and divide the sheep; Ulysses sacrifices the ram, but Jove does not heed the offering and contemplates destroying his ships and comrades. They feast and sail onward grieving their losses but glad to be alive.
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133 observations · 21 observed placesAEOLUS, THE LAESTRYGONES, CIRCE.
In Ulysses’ account, Aeolus confines the adverse winds and releases the favorable West wind to carry Ulysses’ fleet toward home, but the crew opens the wind-sack and is blown back; Aeolus then refuses further help. The Laestrygonians destroy every ship but Ulysses’ and kill the crews of the others. On Circe’s island, she transforms an exploring party into pigs, while Mercury equips and instructs Ulysses to withstand her; after she swears not to harm him, she restores the men. The company stays with Circe for a year, but when they seek to resume the homeward voyage, she directs them first to consult Teiresias among the dead and explains the journey and rites. Elpenor dies in a fall as they prepare to leave, and the grieving crew reaches the shore, where unseen Circe supplies the sacrificial animals.
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172 observations · 30 observed placesTHE VISIT TO THE DEAD.
Ulysses recounts sailing with divine wind to the Cimmerians, performing rites beside Oceanus, promising Elpenor burial, and questioning the dead. Teiresias conditionally foretells his difficult return, losses, vengeance, later sacrifice to Neptune, and peaceful death; Anticlea reports his household’s condition and her own death. Ulysses then hears the lineages and stories of famous women, pauses while Arete urges further gifts and Alcinous agrees and asks him to continue, and resumes with encounters involving Agamemnon, Achilles, Ajax, judges, hunters, sufferers, and Hercules’ phantom. Terrified by gathering ghosts and the possibility that Proserpine might send the Gorgon’s head, he orders his men aboard and departs by oar and then a fair wind.
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133 observations · 33 observed placesTHE SIRENS, SCYLLA AND CHARYBDIS, THE CATTLE OF THE SUN.
In his continuing first-person account, Ulysses and his men perform Elpenor's funeral rites, hear Circe's warnings about the Sirens, Scylla, Charybdis, and the sun-god's cattle, and follow her precautions so Ulysses can hear the Sirens safely. Scylla seizes six men, and the exhausted crew lands on the sun-god's island despite Ulysses' warning; after hunger drives them to kill the forbidden cattle, Jove destroys their ship and prevents the crew from returning home. Ulysses alone clings to wreckage, survives another encounter with Charybdis under divine protection from Scylla, and is eventually stranded on Calypso's island, where he says she received him kindly.
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77 observations · 26 observed placesULYSSES LEAVES SCHERIA AND RETURNS TO ITHACA.
After Alcinous arranges further gifts and the Phaeacians feast, pray, and bid him farewell, Ulysses sails from Scheria asleep and is landed with his treasure in Ithaca. Neptune, with Jove's permission and advice, turns the returning Phaeacian ship to stone; Alcinous recalls his father's prophecy and calls for future escorts to cease and twelve bulls to be sacrificed; the frightened people prepare the bulls, and the Phaeacian chiefs and rulers pray to Neptune. Minerva conceals Ithaca in mist, meets the waking Ulysses first as a young shepherd and then as a woman, hears his invented Cretan tale, reveals herself, clears the mist, and helps him hide his gifts. They plan against the suitors; Minerva describes the danger facing Telemachus, transforms Ulysses into a wrinkled, withered, ragged disguise, directs him to the loyal swineherd, and departs for Lacedaemon to fetch Telemachus.
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92 observations · 20 observed placesULYSSES IN THE HUT WITH EUMAEUS.
Ulysses reaches the swineherd Eumaeus's hut, where Eumaeus saves him from the dogs and hospitably receives him as an old, ragged stranger. While lamenting his absent master, condemning the suitors' consumption of the estate, and reporting the danger to Telemachus, Eumaeus refuses to believe Ulysses's sworn prediction that his master will soon return. Ulysses then gives an invented first-person Cretan history involving Troy, Egypt, enslavement plots, shipwreck, Thesprotian hospitality, and reported news of Ulysses, but Eumaeus remains skeptical while continuing to honor the duties of hospitality. After supper, Ulysses tests Eumaeus's generosity through another story about obtaining a cloak during an ambush at Troy; Eumaeus lends him a heavy cloak and makes him a bed, then goes out armed to sleep near and guard the pigs through the stormy night.
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112 observations · 28 observed placesMINERVA SUMMONS TELEMACHUS FROM LACEDAEMON—HE MEETS WITH THEOCLYMENUS AT PYLOS AND BRINGS HIM TO ITHACA—ON LANDING HE GOES TO THE HUT OF EUMAEUS.
Minerva tells Telemachus to leave Lacedaemon, warns him of the suitors’ ambush, and directs him to the swineherd; after Menelaus and Helen give him gifts and Helen interprets an eagle omen as foretelling Ulysses’ return and revenge, Telemachus hastens past Nestor’s house to his ship. He accepts the fugitive seer Theoclymenus as a suppliant, and Minerva sends the ship a fair wind toward Ithaca while Telemachus wonders whether he will escape death or capture. Meanwhile, Ulysses tests Eumaeus’s hospitality at the hut, hears his reports about Laertes and Ulysses’ mother, and listens to Eumaeus’s account of his abduction from Syra and sale to Laertes. After landing, Telemachus sends the ship toward town, entrusts Theoclymenus to Piraeus after the seer interprets a divinely sent hawk as an omen of Telemachus’s royal power, and walks to the swineherd’s homestead.
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114 observations · 34 observed placesULYSSES REVEALS HIMSELF TO TELEMACHUS.
Telemachus returns safely to Eumaeus's station, where Minerva privately reveals herself to Ulysses, restores his younger appearance, and directs him to disclose himself to his son and plan the suitors' destruction. After Telemachus initially mistakes the transformed stranger for a god and doubts his claim, Ulysses explains Minerva's power, and father and son recognize and embrace one another. They assess the suitors' numbers and plan Ulysses's entry as an ill-treated old beggar, the concealment of the household arms, secrecy, and tests of loyalty, though Telemachus questions testing the male servants immediately. In town, Penelope receives reports of her son's return; the suitors' ambush party returns unsuccessful, and Antinous proposes another attempt to kill Telemachus while Amphinomus conditions his support on Jove's oracles. Penelope denounces Antinous, but Eurymachus falsely reassures her while continuing to plot. Minerva then changes Ulysses back into his old appearance so that Eumaeus will not recognize him and tell Penelope, and the men eat and sleep.
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82 observations · 26 observed placesTELEMACHUS AND HIS MOTHER MEET—ULYSSES AND EUMAEUS COME DOWN TO THE TOWN, AND ULYSSES IS INSULTED BY MELANTHIUS—HE IS RECOGNISED BY THE DOG ARGOS—HE IS INSULTED AND PRESENTLY STRUCK BY ANTINOUS WITH A STOOL—PENELOPE DESIRES THAT HE SHALL BE SENT TO HER.
Telemachus returns home, where Penelope embraces him and hears his report that Menelaus relayed the sea-god's vision of Ulysses detained by Calypso; Theoclymenus interprets an omen as showing Ulysses already in Ithaca and preparing vengeance. Meanwhile Ulysses, appearing as a ragged old beggar, travels to town with Eumaeus, endures Melanthius's abuse, and reaches his house, where Argos recognizes his master and dies while Eumaeus continues to treat Ulysses as the stranger. Prompted by Minerva to test the suitors, Ulysses begs from them; Antinous refuses him, strikes him with a stool, and provokes condemnation, prayers, and Telemachus's concealed anger. After Eumaeus reports the stranger's claims about Ulysses, Penelope requests an interview, interprets Telemachus's sneeze as an omen of the suitors' deaths, and agrees to the stranger's proposal that they speak privately after sundown; Eumaeus then returns to his station as evening approaches.
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102 observations · 28 observed placesTHE FIGHT WITH IRUS—ULYSSES WARNS AMPHINOMUS—PENELOPE GETS PRESENTS FROM THE SUITORS—THE BRAZIERS—ULYSSES REBUKES EURYMACHUS.
The beggar Irus insults Ulysses, who is concealing his identity as an aged stranger, and the suitors arrange a prize fight; strengthened by Minerva, Ulysses defeats Irus with a deliberately limited blow to avoid suspicion. Ulysses treats the suitors’ response as an omen, warns Amphinomus that the absent master will soon return, and hopes he leaves first, although Minerva has doomed Amphinomus to die by Telemachus. Minerva then prompts and divinely beautifies Penelope before she appears to the suitors; treating Ulysses as a stranger and speaking of her absent husband, she reproaches Telemachus and secures gifts from the suitors through flattery Ulysses knows she does not mean. After dark, Ulysses orders the maids away and threatens Melantho after she insults him; Minerva incites further mockery from Eurymachus, whose footstool instead strikes the cupbearer when Ulysses seeks protection at Amphinomus’s knees. Telemachus calls for order, Amphinomus proposes drink-offerings and departure without further violence, and the suitors comply and go home.
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49 observations · 12 observed placesTELEMACHUS AND ULYSSES REMOVE THE ARMOUR—ULYSSES INTERVIEWS PENELOPE—EURYCLEA WASHES HIS FEET AND RECOGNISES THE SCAR ON HIS LEG—PENELOPE TELLS HER DREAM TO ULYSSES.
With Minerva's aid, Ulysses and Telemachus secretly remove the armour before Telemachus retires and Ulysses, still treated as a stranger, speaks with Penelope. He rebukes Melantho, then hears Penelope describe the wooers' waste of her estate and her three-year weave-and-unpick stratagem, exposed by her maids, before answering her with an invented Cretan identity and plausible tales, supplying convincing details of Ulysses' clothing, reporting that Ulysses is alive, and predicting his imminent return, though Penelope remains doubtful. While washing him, Euryclea recognizes Ulysses by the scar from his youthful boar hunt; Minerva prevents Penelope from noticing, and Ulysses compels Euryclea to keep his identity secret. Penelope recounts her uncertainty about remarriage and a dream in which an eagle identifies itself as her returned husband and foretells the suitors' deaths; Ulysses interprets it accordingly and predicts his return before her proposed bow-and-axes contest, after which Minerva sends Penelope to sleep.
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65 observations · 17 observed placesULYSSES CANNOT SLEEP—PENELOPE’S PRAYER TO DIANA—THE TWO SIGNS FROM HEAVEN—EUMAEUS AND PHILOETIUS ARRIVE—THE SUITORS DINE—CTESIPPUS THROWS AN OX’S FOOT AT ULYSSES—THEOCLYMENUS FORETELLS DISASTER AND LEAVES THE HOUSE.
Unable to sleep while considering how to kill the suitors, Ulysses restrains his anger until Minerva, appearing as a woman, reassures him and divinely sends him to sleep. Penelope wakes, prays to Diana for death rather than marriage to a worse man, and recounts a joyful dream of someone like Ulysses as he was when he departed, whom she believed truly lay beside her; at dawn Ulysses requests signs, and Jove's thunder and a weary miller-woman's prayer convince him that vengeance is near. As the household prepares for the feast, Ulysses is welcomed as a stranger by Eumaeus and Philoetius, abused by Melanthius, and predicts his own return without being recognized by the loyal stockman. An eagle omen leads the suitors to abandon their plot against Telemachus and dine, but Minerva sustains their insolence: Ctesippus throws a heifer's foot at Ulysses and misses, provoking Telemachus' threat. Minerva then afflicts the suitors with forced laughter and foreboding, while Theoclymenus describes a vision of blood, ghosts, darkness, and inescapable disaster before leaving; amid further mockery, Telemachus silently watches his father for the expected attack, Penelope takes a seat positioned so that she can hear what is said, and the narrator foreshadows the doomed meal still to come.
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41 observations · 11 observed placesTHE TRIAL OF THE AXES, DURING WHICH ULYSSES REVEALS HIMSELF TO EUMAEUS AND PHILOETIUS
Minerva puts it into Penelope’s mind to use Ulysses’ bow and twelve axes for a contest intended to bring about the suitors’ destruction: Penelope declares that she will follow the man who most easily strings the bow and shoots through all twelve axes. Telemachus sets up the axes and nearly strings the bow before Ulysses checks him, while the suitors fail and consider postponing the trial. Still treated by the suitors as a beggar and stranger, Ulysses privately reveals himself to Eumaeus and Philoetius by showing his scar; they recognize him, and he gives them conditional promises and secret instructions for placing the bow in his hands and securing the house. After Penelope supports the stranger’s request to try the bow and Telemachus asserts authority over it, Eumaeus delivers it to Ulysses, Euryclea closes the women’s doors, and Philoetius fastens the outer gates. Ulysses easily strings the bow, rejoices when Jove sends thunder as an omen, shoots an arrow through every axe handle, and signals Telemachus, who arms himself beside his father’s seat.
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63 observations · 16 observed placesTHE KILLING OF THE SUITORS—THE MAIDS WHO HAVE MISCONDUCTED THEMSELVES ARE MADE TO CLEANSE THE CLOISTERS AND ARE THEN HANGED.
Ulysses casts off his rags, kills Antinous, reveals his return, and refuses Eurymachus's plea for mercy and proposed restitution. Telemachus, Eumaeus, and Philoetius arm and fight beside him, while Melanthius supplies the suitors with weapons until he is captured and suspended in the storeroom. Minerva comes in Mentor's voice and form, later takes a swallow's form, frustrates the suitors' spear casts, and finally displays her aegis as Ulysses and his allies kill the remaining fighters. Ulysses denies Leiodes mercy, but Telemachus secures the lives of the coerced bard Phemius and Medon. After Euryclea reports that twelve women have misconducted themselves, they are made to remove the corpses and cleanse the court; Ulysses orders their deaths by the sword, but Telemachus instead hangs them. Melanthius is mutilated, Ulysses purifies the courts with sulphur and fire, and, after ordering that Penelope and the household women be summoned, receives the women's embraces while remembering each of them.
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65 observations · 10 observed placesPENELOPE EVENTUALLY RECOGNISES HER HUSBAND—EARLY IN THE MORNING ULYSSES, TELEMACHUS, EUMAEUS, AND PHILOETIUS LEAVE THE TOWN.
Euryclea joyfully tells Penelope that Ulysses has returned and killed the suitors, but Penelope first rejects the report, suspects divine vengeance, and remains unable to recognize her husband in his dirty clothes. After Ulysses accepts her testing, a staged wedding celebration delays news of the killings, Eurynome washes him, and Minerva makes him taller, stronger, and radiantly beautiful. Penelope tests him by ordering their bed moved; his exact account of building the immovable olive-tree bed proves his identity, and they embrace while Minerva prolongs the night. Ulysses reports Teiresias's prophecy of a future inland journey and eventual gentle death, and the reunited couple share their sufferings as he recounts his travels through the Cicons, Lotus-eaters, Cyclops, Aeolus, Laestrygonians, Circe, Hades, Sirens, Charybdis, Scylla, the sun-god's cattle, Calypso, and the Phaeacians. At dawn, which Minerva finally releases, Ulysses directs Penelope to remain upstairs, orders Telemachus, Philoetius, and Eumaeus to arm themselves, and sets out to see his grieving father while Minerva hides and leads the party from town.
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58 observations · 17 observed placesTHE GHOSTS OF THE SUITORS IN HADES—ULYSSES AND HIS MEN GO TO THE HOUSE OF LAERTES—THE PEOPLE OF ITHACA COME OUT TO ATTACK ULYSSES, BUT MINERVA CONCLUDES A PEACE.
Mercury leads the slain suitors’ ghosts to Hades, where Achilles and Agamemnon compare their deaths and funerary fates; Amphimedon then reports Penelope’s weaving stratagem, Ulysses’ beggar disguise and nonrecognition, the bow contest, divine help, and the suitors’ deaths, prompting Agamemnon to praise Penelope’s constancy. At Laertes’ farm, Ulysses deliberately tests his unrecognizing father through a false identity and invented travel story, then reveals himself; his scar and detailed memory of the trees Laertes gave him provide convincing reunion proof. Minerva transforms Laertes’ appearance, and Dolius and his sons recognize and welcome Ulysses. In town, the dead are removed and buried, Eupeithes proposes vengeance, Medon reports that a god in Mentor’s form aided Ulysses, and Halitherses warns against attack; more than half depart, but Eupeithes leads the remaining armed faction onward. Jove proposes a covenant preserving Ulysses’ rule while the bereaved are divinely caused to forgive and forget, restoring friendship, peace, and plenty. Before that settlement is completed, Minerva comes in Mentor’s form, invigorates Laertes, and combat begins: Laertes kills Eupeithes, Ulysses and Telemachus strike the front line, Minerva halts the fighters, and a thunderbolt from Jove checks Ulysses’ renewed pursuit. Ulysses obeys, and Minerva, again in Mentor’s form and voice, makes a peace covenant between the contending parties.
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90 observations · 29 observed places